This forest type is strongly associated with cold climates and is widespread across northern New England and New York. These forests may be particularly susceptible to warmer temperatures and longer growing seasons. The future climate is expected to be less suitable for the northern and boreal conifer species, while more favorable for many hardwood species that are a component of these forests. Enhanced stress and changes in competitive relationships among tree species are likely to alter forest composition. Forest vulnerability is expected to vary widely across the assessment area, with forests in some locations undergoing substantial changes.